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a. lung, brain, kidney
b. C
c. kidney
d. B

e. t’s one way in which our minds own brilliance lets us down. Because it’s so amazing at simulating our achievement of future events, it can actually undermine our attempts to achieve those goals in reality.

f. Playing a 90-minute game of soccer is an intense experience, and affects your whole body, from your brain to your feet. Playing the sport provides cardiovascular and muscular fitness. The bulk of the work is done by your legs, but you use many other muscles as well. You will also use your head, both physically and mentally, strengthening your mind-body connection. Injuries are also part of the sport; however, proper training can reduce your risk.

g. 10,000 litres of air move in and out of your lungs every day.

Each breath of air carries germs and other foreign bodies such as pollutants as well as oxygen. As a result the lungs provide a complex defence system that prevents unwanted materials getting into the body.

Tiny hairs called cilia line the bronchi and help waft unwanted materials up to the mouth. Mucus produced in the walls of the airways helps to keep them clean and well lubricated. Cells in the lungs contain enzymes that produce chemical changes in the blood.

The delicate structure of the lungs is beautifully adapted to carry out the complex business of breathing and, at the same time, helps protect the body from outside attack.

However, the lungs can be damaged by cigarette smoke, air pollution (for example from vehicles) and occupational dusts and fumes. If the lungs are damaged, it can lead to breathlessness.

Your lungs are very delicate. Remember to take good care of them.

g. The Oxford University researchers hope that harnessing this inbuilt biological mechanism, identified in rats, could help in treating stroke and preventing other neurodegenerative diseases in the future.

'We have shown for the first time that the brain has mechanisms that it can use to protect itself and keep brain cells alive,' says Professor Alastair Buchan, Head of the Medical Sciences Division and Dean of the Medical School at Oxford University, who led the work.

The researchers report their findings in the journal Nature Medicine and were funded by the UK Medical Research Council, The Dunhill Medical Trust and National Institute for Health Research.

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It has also motivated a so-far unsuccessful search for 'neuroprotectants': drugs that can buy time and help the brain cells, or neurons, cope with damage and recover afterwards.

The Oxford University research group have now identified the first example of the brain having its own built-in form of neuroprotection, so-called 'endogenous neuroprotection'.

They did this by going back to an observation first made over 85 years ago. It has been known since 1926 that neurons in one area of the hippocampus, the part of the brain that controls memory, are able to survive being starved of oxygen, while others in a different area of the hippocampus die. But what protected that one set of cells from damage had remained a puzzle until now.

'Previous studies have focused on understanding how cells die after being depleted of oxygen and glucose. We considered a more direct approach by investigating the endogenous mechanisms that have evolved to make these cells in the hippocampus resistant,' explains first author Dr Michalis Papadakis, Scientific Director of the Laboratory of Cerebral Ischaemia at Oxford University.

Working in rats, the researchers found that production of a specific protein called hamartin allowed the cells to survive being starved of oxygen and glucose, as would happen after a stroke.

They showed that the neurons die in the other part of the hippocampus because of a lack of the hamartin response.

The team was then able to show that stimulating production of hamartin offered greater protection for the neurons.

Professor Buchan says: 'This is causally related to cell survival. If we block hamartin, the neurons die when blood flow is stopped. If we put hamartin back, the cells survive once more.'

Professor Buchan says: 'There is a great deal of work ahead if this is to be translated into the clinic, but we now have a neuroprotective strategy for the first time. Our next steps will be to see if we can find small molecule drug candidates that mimic what hamartin does and keep brain cells alive.

'While we are focussing on stroke, neuroprotective drugs may also be of interest in other conditions that see early death of brain cells including Alzheimer's and motor neurone disease